Interactive Learning
Step-by-Step Simulators
Interactive simulators covering LLM internals, RAG, agents, cloud platforms, cost, and safety. Use ▶ Play to auto-advance, ↺ Reset to replay. Filter by category below to jump to a topic.
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LLM Families Compared
Four columns — Claude, GPT, Gemini, and Llama — stepped through architecture (dense vs MoE), tokenisers, attention variants (MHA/GQA/MLA), training recipes, context windows, and licensing.
Claude (Anthropic)
Dense transformer · RLHF + Constitutional AI · strong at tool use & long context
GPT (OpenAI)
MoE frontier models · heavy RLHF · broadest tool/function-call ecosystem
Gemini (Google DeepMind)
Natively multimodal MoE · huge context (1M–2M) · tight Google grounding
Llama (Meta)
Open-weights dense + MoE · you host it · full fine-tune & quantize freedom
Four families dominate production LLMs today. One-line positioning before we dive into the internals.
CI/CD Pipeline
Step a commit through a delivery pipeline — build (with caching), parallel tests, quality gates, and deploy with manual approval and rollback. Includes a hosted (GitHub Actions / CircleCI) vs self-managed (Jenkins) comparison and the DORA metrics.
Difficulty: intermediate
Duration: 12 min
📝 Pipeline Config
# .github/workflows/ci.yml — the job graph
name: CI/CD
on: [push, pull_request]
jobs:
build:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps: [ ... ]
test:
needs: build # waits for build
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps: [ ... ]
deploy:
needs: test # only if tests pass
if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps: [ ... ]Stages
build → test → deploy
Trigger
push / PR
Typical run
4–8 min
💡 Explanation
A pipeline is the **automated path from commit to production**. Each stage gates the next via `needs:` — tests only run if the build succeeds, deploy only runs if tests pass.
• **CI** (Continuous Integration): build + test every change. • **CD** (Continuous Delivery/Deployment): promote passing builds toward prod. • The whole graph runs on every push; a red stage stops the line.
RAG Pipeline
Retrieval-Augmented Generation grounds LLM responses in your own documents. Watch how a user query travels through embedding, vector search, context injection, and grounded generation — step by step.
RAG Pipeline is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
MCP Call Flow
The Model Context Protocol standardises how hosts, clients, and servers communicate. Trace the full JSON-RPC lifecycle from TCP connection through tool discovery, tool call, execution, and final response.
MCP Call Flow is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
ReAct Agent Loop
ReAct agents interleave Thought (chain-of-thought reasoning) with Action (tool calls) and Observation (results) until they have enough information to produce a final answer. Watch the scratchpad grow as the agent loops.
ReAct Agent Loop is part of Pro
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Cloud Platform Comparison
Quick visual refresher for interviews — one agent-building scenario walked through all three major clouds side-by-side: Amazon Bedrock, Google Vertex AI, and Azure AI Foundry. Covers auth, model catalogs, agent primitives, tool formats, and RAG.
Cloud Platform Comparison is part of Pro
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Inside a Transformer
What actually happens when you send a prompt? Walk a concrete sentence through tokenisation, embedding, attention, feed-forward networks, the layer stack, logits, and sampling — with real-looking numbers at every step.
Inside a Transformer is part of Pro
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Model Parameters Playground
Interactive — drag the sliders to see exactly how temperature, top_k, top_p, and the penalty knobs reshape the next-token probability distribution.
Model Parameters Playground is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
Tool-Use Loop
Follow a single user question through the full loop — user → model → tool_use → tool result → final answer — with a live token budget sidebar showing why multi-step agents cost so much more than a single chat completion.
Tool-Use Loop is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
Prompt Caching
Five requests, same 12k-token system prompt. Watch the cache miss → write → hit → TTL expiry → rewrite pattern play out, with a running bill that shows exactly when caching pays for itself.
Prompt Caching is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
RAG Chunking Strategies
Same document, same query, four chunking strategies: fixed-size, recursive, semantic, and hierarchical. See which chunks the retriever surfaces — and which strategy wins on this query.
RAG Chunking Strategies is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
Cost Calculator
Pick a model tier, dial in your traffic, input/output sizes, and cache hit rate — get a live monthly bill with a cost-breakdown bar and "savings vs no-cache" delta.
Cost Calculator is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
Prompt Injection — Attack & Defense
A KB document has been poisoned with an injection. Toggle defenses (delimiters, spotlighting, output validation, low-priv summariser) and see which combinations stop the agent from exfiltrating customer data.
Prompt Injection — Attack & Defense is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
Multi-Agent Orchestration
An orchestrator fans out to Researcher, Outliner, Writer, and Editor subagents to produce a blog post. Watch the graph light up, messages stream in, and the token budget climb — then compare four orchestration patterns side-by-side at the end.
Multi-Agent Orchestration is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
Agent Frameworks Compared
Step through the same customer support task in CrewAI, LangChain, and LangGraph side-by-side. See how each framework structures the agent, tools, and execution loop differently — then choose which one fits your thinking style.
Agent Frameworks Compared is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
Prompt Engineering Patterns
Five prompt engineering patterns that reshape quality and cost: few-shot vs zero-shot, chain-of-thought reasoning, structured output, prompt caching, and complexity trade-offs. Compare their latency, accuracy, and cost side-by-side.
Prompt Engineering Patterns is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
RAG Patterns & Strategies
Four advanced RAG patterns: chunking strategies (fixed, recursive, semantic), retrieval methods (BM25, vector, hybrid, reranking), scaling laws (corpus size impact), and failure modes (hallucination, context mismatch, latency). Learn when each technique wins.
RAG Patterns & Strategies is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
Multi-Agent Patterns
Four multi-agent design patterns: handoff strategies (Swarm vs LangGraph vs CrewAI), tool routing (manual vs classifier vs function-calling), communication protocols (direct, shared memory, blackboard, events), and failure modes with recovery strategies.
Multi-Agent Patterns is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
Production Patterns
Three patterns engineers ship without and regret: Evals (LLM-as-judge, golden datasets, CI gates), Observability (OpenTelemetry traces with token + cost attribution), and Context Compaction (the new beta for keeping long-running agents alive past 1M tokens).
Production Patterns is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
Reasoning Models
How o1, DeepSeek R1, and Claude extended thinking differ from standard completions. Trace the internal thought scratchpad, see how the token budget controls cost, and learn which task types earn the reasoning premium.
Reasoning Models is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
LLM Fine-Tuning
Walk the full fine-tuning pipeline — dataset prep, full fine-tuning vs LoRA/QLoRA, the training loop, RLHF, and before/after evaluation. Includes cost estimates and regression benchmarks.
LLM Fine-Tuning is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
Neural Networks & Backprop
Build a network from scratch — forward pass, loss, the chain-rule gradient flow, weight updates, and the Adam optimiser. The same loop that trains GPT-4, just with 16 parameters instead of 1.8 trillion.
Neural Networks & Backprop is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
AI in Cybersecurity
Both sides of the AI/security divide — adversarial examples, AI-powered phishing, anomaly detection, deepfake detection, and defensive AI red teaming. Covers attack patterns and concrete defences.
AI in Cybersecurity is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
Streaming Data Pipelines
Real-time AI data infrastructure: Kafka event ingestion → Flink stream processing → feature store → online model serving. With drift detection and automated retraining triggers.
Streaming Data Pipelines is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
n8n AI Workflow Automation
Visual node-graph AI agent orchestration with n8n — AI Agent nodes, webhook triggers, multi-step workflows, and a side-by-side comparison with LangChain and CrewAI to help you pick the right tool.
n8n AI Workflow Automation is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
WireGuard VPN & Networking
Secure AI infrastructure with WireGuard — modern vs legacy VPN protocols, key exchange, tunnel configuration, split tunnelling, and a complete hub-and-spoke topology for protecting GPU clusters and training data.
WireGuard VPN & Networking is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
Prompt Whisperer
See how small prompt changes dramatically improve AI output. Watch the same request evolve from vague to excellent across three scenarios — email writing, explaining concepts, and brainstorming. No jargon, just results.
Prompt Whisperer is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
AI for My Job
Pick your role — marketer, teacher, HR, finance, healthcare, or designer — and discover real AI use cases, estimated time savings, and copy-paste prompts tailored to your day-to-day work.
AI for My Job is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
Hallucination Detector
AI makes things up — confidently. Read AI-generated passages on history, medicine, and books, then spot the fabricated claims before they're revealed. Learn why AI hallucinates and how to catch it.
Hallucination Detector is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.
AI Ethics Dilemmas
Face five real-world AI dilemmas — a biased hiring algorithm, a medical AI with equity gaps, content moderation at scale, surveillance cameras, and self-driving car ethics. Choose your response and see the trade-offs.
AI Ethics Dilemmas is part of Pro
Unlock all simulators — including advanced cost, safety, RAG, and multi-agent patterns — plus downloadable cheat-sheets and certificates.